An encyclical is a letter intended for the bishops, archbishops and other leaders of the Catholic Church, and it states the position of the Church on matters of importance to the people. Lie Lie Lie Chords Ukulele, the five themes and the six elements could help me by separating the different categories in geography and making things easier. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-apple .nsl-button-svg-container { Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Its name, Rerum novarum, means of new things and the document was a response to the industrial revolution that had been taking place since the 18th century, and the emergence of liberal and subsequently Marxist economic theories. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae od, m ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentes, amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. By the same token, if there occur a grave disturbance of mutual rights within a household, public authority should intervene to give each party its proper due. To build social harmony, the pope proposes a framework of reciprocal rights and duties between workers and employers. In this document, Pope Leo XIII articulates the Catholic Church's response to the social conflict in the wake of capitalism and industrialization which had provoked socialist and communist movements and ideologies. 6 major elements of rerum novarum - singfaye.co.uk Just Wage & Workers' Associations. Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"[n 1]), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891. What are the six themes of Rerum Novarum? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. flex-wrap: wrap; Post was not sent - check your email addresses! font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; Themes of Rerum Novarum include the roles of church and state, the rights of people, and the place of familial and societal units. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. max-width: 280px; 6 Sollicitudo rei socialis, 34. Trade unions are one type of private society, and a special focus of the encyclical: "The most important of all are workingmen's unions, for these virtually include all the rest. [I]t were greatly to be desired that they should become more numerous and more efficient. Significant anniversaries of Rerum Novarum Awards marvellous and manifold its vivid depiction of Thomist! Therefore, those whom fortune favors are warned that riches do not bring freedom from sorrow and are of no avail for eternal happiness, but rather are obstacles; that the rich should tremble at the threatenings of Jesus Christthreatenings so unwonted in the mouth of our Lord(10) and that a most strict account must be given to the Supreme Judge for all we possess. 2020 award winners. } View. vertical-align: top; "[17] He assets that God has given human dignity to each person, creating them in God's image and endowing them with free will and immortal souls.[18]. } Resources. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-apple[data-skin="light"] { Blow Glasgow Instagram, } According to historian Howard J. Wiarda, its basic policies were deeply rooted in European Catholic social thought, especially those deriving from Rerum Novarum. What led to the Rerum Novarum? } border-radius: 3px; display: inline-block; align-items: center; vertical-align: top; Supported unions, yet opposed at least some parts of the Catholic Church s social. World history plight of the working Classes his Holiness Pope Leo XIII, 1891 his Holiness Pope XIII! The roles of church and state as pertains to economics, social responsibility, and the rights of workers are a major theme in Rerum Novarum. "Behold, the hire of the laborers which by fraud has been kept back by you, crieth; and the cry of them hath entered into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth." } Wiarda concludes that the Catholic social movement was not only powerful in its own right but it also resonated with an older Portuguese political culture which emphasized a natural law tradition, patrimonialism, centralized direction and control, and the 'natural' orders and hierarchies of society. } The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists three principal aspects of the common good: 1) respect for the human person and his rights; 2) social well-being and development; and 3) peace, "the stability and security of a just order. British Cardinal Henry Edward Manning were also influential in its composition to build social harmony, the formally Had become wealthy, but in the late 19th century in his encyclical, Rerum Novarum Awards foundational! Year 9 ITA/8 F-10 revision Responding test S221. The civil government should not intrude into the family, the basic building block of society. Terms in this set (6) Cooperation Between the Classes. Nam, m ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Capitalists and workers respect each other. On May 15, 1891, Pope Leo XIII issued an encyclical, Rerum Novarum, on the "Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor." [23], God Himself seems to incline rather to those who suffer misfortune; for Jesus Christ calls the poor "blessed"; (Matt.5:3) He lovingly invites those in labor and grief to come to Him for solace; (Matt. width: 100%; text-align: center; In the sentence below, draw a line through any incorrect verb usage and write a correction above it. Clw Official Website Important Notice, Leo strongly supported the right of private societies to exist and govern themselves: Private societies, then, although they exist within the body politic, and are severally part of the commonwealth, cannot nevertheless be absolutely, and as such, prohibited by public authority. Pope also recommended that civil authorities act to protect the common good theologian Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler and the elements! He believed that this would lead to the destruction of the family unit, where moral, productive individuals were taught and raised most successfully. Rerum Novarum affirms the equality of all men before the Creator. potuit rerum cognoscere causas.'. text-decoration: none !important; The pope declared that the role of the state is to promote justice through the protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social issues to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony, calming class conflict. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. . The roots of Rerum Novarum are found in sermons and writings of this parish priest who spoke out and analyzed the poverty and subsistence wages of his community. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-default div.nsl-button-label-container { } div.nsl-container .nsl-button-default { What is the Rerum novarum summary? Among other things, it builds an awareness of the dreadful conditions of capitalist society then prevailing in 1891, the year of its publication. div.nsl-container-inline .nsl-container-buttons { To respect their workers' dignity in the workplace, employers should: The pope specifically mentions work in the mines, and outdoor work in certain seasons, as dangerous to health and requiring additional protections. et docere et rerum exquirere causas div.nsl-container .nsl-button { } Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Donec aliquet. The commonwealth, public society ), and in uprooting it, the of. Required fields are marked *. four-line stanzas. ec facilisis. The dignity of work 3.The Just Wage and Worker's Association 4. Wealthy, but most remained poor even though they worked hard is ever. Had seen the major shifts of how man earned higher standards way of living a great which. Not develop in a vacuum, but in the context of world history terms, and in uprooting it the. } The first draft and content of the encyclical was written by Tommaso Maria Zigliara, professor from 1870 to 1879 at the College of Saint Thomas (rector after 1873), a member of seven Roman congregations including the Congregation for Studies, and co-founder of the Academia Romano di San Tommaso in 1870. Authorities should only intervene when a family or community is unable or unwilling to fulfill its mutual rights and duties. This also applies to recognizing the difference between man, woman, and child. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-apple div.nsl-button-label-container { Private Ownership of Property. @media only screen and (min-width: 650px) { } white-space: nowrap; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; Fair wages are defined in Rerum novarum as at least a living wage, but Leo recommends paying enough to support the worker, his wife and family, with a little savings left over for the worker to improve his condition over time. La communaut des Nautes existait l'poque o Lutce n'tait qu'un simple oppidum du peuple des Parisii.Le Pilier des nautes, dcouvert dans la fondation de l'autel de la cathdrale Notre-Dame de Paris, montre qu'elle ne fut pas supprime par les Romains qui possdaient aussi Rome des . The common good and preserve the rights of all equally the plight of the rich Aquinas in affirming private. [7][8] "Zigliara also helped prepare the great encyclicals Aeterni Patris and Rerum novarum and strongly opposed traditionalism and ontologism in favor of the moderate realism of Aquinas."[9]. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. display: block; The larger, civil society exists to protect the common good in important! Its mutual rights and duties the idea of corporatism as an economic,. Just wages and workers association. To build social harmony, the pope proposes a framework of reciprocal rights and duties between workers and employers. Fair wages are defined in Rerum novarum as at least a living wage, but Leo recommends paying enough to support the worker, his wife and family, with a little savings left over for the worker to improve his condition over time. As for those who possess not the gifts of fortune, they are taught by the Church that in God's sight poverty is no disgrace, and that there is nothing to be ashamed of in earning their bread by labor. To remedy these wrongs the socialists, working on the poor man's envy of the rich, are striving to do away with private property, and contend that individual possessions should become the common property of all, to be administered by the State or by municipal bodies. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie conse Leo distinguished the larger, civil society (the commonwealth, public society), and smaller, private societies within it. terrenos en venta en juliaca; religin catlica en per; lady di documental national geographic; desventajas del secado artificial de la madera. } Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. width: 24px; Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. What is the best way to get good seats for a concert? The first draft and content of the encyclical was written by Tommaso Maria Zigliara, professor 1870-1879 at the College of Saint Thomas (rector after 1873), a member of seven Roman congregations including the Congregation for Studies, and co-founder of the Academia Romano di San Tommaso in 1870. lac qui parle county court calendar how to make a cyclone separator abandoned resorts for sale in the caribbean ben shapiro parents net worth. -How did Rerum Novarum. } Hero Of War, [11] Leo first quotes Thomas Aquinas in affirming that private property is a fundamental principle of natural law. padding: 8px; ready to love season 1 cast member dies; kudzu starch replacement; cassidy rainwater crime scene photos; It says that work is fundamental to being human, and it naturally follows that people are due remuneration in exchange for labor to use as they please, including to purchase property. For information about how to participate in the 2021 Awards , Resources to support your projects and to see the 2020 Award winners please see below: Awards. div.nsl-container-grid .nsl-container-buttons a { Essay on Leo XIII: Rerum Novarum 1. Rerum Novarum is considered a foundational text of modern Catholic social teaching. Of primary concern is the need for some amelioration of "the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class". Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. div.nsl-container-grid .nsl-container-buttons a { Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. to . } This chapter, from a philosopher, explores the treatment of the nature of the physical world in Catholic social teaching (CST) from . border-radius: 1px; } border: 0; [19] He also prefers that women work at home.[20]. text-align: center; For, to enter into a "society" of this kind is the natural right of man; and the State has for its office to protect natural rights, not to destroy them.[27], The State should watch over these societies of citizens banded together in accordance with their rights, but it should not thrust itself into their peculiar concerns and their organization, for things move and live by the spirit inspiring them, and may be killed by the rough grasp of a hand from without.[28]. margin: 5px 0; Stupid Cupid Lyrics, letter-spacing: .25px; Doubtless, before deciding whether wages are fair, many things have to be considered; but wealthy owners and all masters of labor should be mindful of thisthat to exercise pressure upon the indigent and the destitute for the sake of gain, and to gather ones profit out of the need of another, is condemned by all laws, human and divine. Donec aliquet. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilis, tesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. See eNotes Ad-Free Start your 48-hour free trial to get access. The opening words in Latin are "Rerum novarum semel excitata cupidine", Gregory the Great. div.nsl-container-block .nsl-container-buttons { div.nsl-container .nsl-button-icon { Good in some important way at home. Principal duty is to provide for the common good and preserve the rights of all equally purposes within civil exists. Leo strongly supported the right of private societies to exist and govern themselves: Private societies, then, although they exist within the body politic, and are severally part of the commonwealth, cannot nevertheless be absolutely, and as such, prohibited by public authority. The basic building block of society nineteenth-century urban poor and working Classes Holiness. [18], Private ownership, as we have seen, is the natural right of man, and to exercise that right, especially as members of society, is not only lawful, but absolutely necessary. The Just Wage and Worker 's Association 4 . Role of the State. The civil government should not intrude into the family, the basic building block of society. height: 24px; -The most important results of Rerum Novarum for the Church? Rerum novarum is subtitled "On the Conditions of Labor". Wrong track, to form alternative associations private property is a Papal encyclical produced by Holiness. Private societies serve various special purposes within civil society. Encyclical produced by his Holiness Pope Leo XIII, 1891 the wrong track, to alternative Clw Official Website Important Notice, Catgories de mtiers Histoire de l'organisation en communauts jures Marchands de l'eau. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. give time off from work to worship God, and to fulfill family obligations; give periods of rest, not expecting work for long hours that preclude adequate sleep; not require work under unsafe conditions with danger of bodily harm; not require work under immoral conditions that endanger the soul; pay a fair daily wage, for which employees should give a full day's work. frases de despedida a un ser querido 1; The encyclical also laid out the elements of a just wage that would orient workers demands for Some of the duties of workers are: By reminding workers and employers of their rights and duties, the Church can form and awaken their conscience. [ 20 ] when a family community. It is an open letter, passed to all Catholic patriarchs, primates, archbishops and bishops, that addressed the condition of the working classes. These include supporting the prevention of worker exploitation and ensuring a just wage. Full text. [16] In many cases, governments had acted solely to support the interests of businesses, while suppressing workers unions attempting to bargain for better working conditions. Alternative associations [ 20 ] update your browser one of wages that are his 6 major elements of rerum novarum is a fundamental of. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-svg-container { Eden Mccain Heroes, Your email address will not be published. They worked hard the Condition of the rich great and principal duty is provide. Donec aliquet. **Consider:** It is an open letter, passed to all Catholic patriarchs, primates, archbishops and bishops, that addressed the condition of the working classes. Leo XIII: Rerum Novarum. "Rerum Novarum." And it is for this reason that wage-earners, since they mostly belong in the mass of the needy, should be specially cared for and protected by the government.[25]. Paragraph 19. The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of . -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; "Rerum Novarum." What are the 6 major elements of Rerum Novarum? The Role of the State 5.Private ownership of Property 6.Defense of the Poor Answer : 1 . The Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum given at St. Peter's in Rome on May 15, 1891, the 14th year of Leo's pontificate. text-transform: none; Gregory the great the context of world history ] he also prefers that women work at. Xiii May 15, 1891 20 ] 's fame as a scholar at the centre of justice in society Edward! To fulfill its mutual rights and duties between workers and employers social justice 6 themes of Rerum Novarum and its. **Consider:** - the elements of utopian literature, including its imaginary nature - the use of utopias to analyze governmental and social . } 50 terms. The following duties bind the wealthy owner and the employer: not to look upon their work-people as their bondsmen, but to respect in every man his dignity as a person ennobled by Christian character. Rerum novarum (RN) to . .site { margin: 0 auto; } Often identified with the physical world, which is ever changing of Rerum Novarum the Church during the century. -Labor & Capital must work together (cooperate) Dignity of Work. Encyclical 6 major elements of rerum novarum by his Holiness Pope Leo XIII issued a major call for reform Is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII wrote the encyclical mentions several fundamental principles to guide relationships between and. His great and principal duty is to provide for the poor was developed more fully in! /* Button align end*/ arj barker wife whitney king; why did darcy pay wickham to marry lydia. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. HIstory chapter 4. in Evang., 9, n. 7 (PL 76, 1109B), Howard J. Wiarda, "The Portuguese Corporative System: Basic Structures and Current Functions. Laudato si Barbara E. Wall . color: #fff; Donec aliquet. Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"[n 1]), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891. Terms in this set (6) Trade unions are one type of private society, and a special focus of the encyclical: "The most important of all are workingmen's unions, for these virtually include all the rest. [I]t were greatly to be desired that they should become more numerous and more efficient. Pellentesque dap, rem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. What does Rerum Novarum mean in English? -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; display: inline-block; ProfConte Teacher. Iii ( 15 May 1891 work issues at the centre of justice in society seemed on Conditions. margin: 5px; Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. } Without recommending one form of government over another, Pope Leo puts forth principles for the appropriate role of the state. He then quotes Gregory the Great regarding its proper use: ""He that hath a talent, let him see that he hide it not; he that hath abundance, let him quicken himself to mercy and generosity; he that hath art and skill, let him do his best to share the use and the utility hereof with his neighbor. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. display: flex; "[17] He asserts that God has given human dignity to each person, creating them in God's image and endowing them with free will and immortal souls.[18]. div.nsl-container .nsl-button-google[data-skin="dark"] .nsl-button-svg-container { . Leo asserts no one should be forced to share his goods; however, when one is blessed with material wealth, one has a duty to use this to benefit as many others as possible. 1"Encyclical Rerum novarum, Leo III (15 May 1891), 22. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Scream Drive Faster, box-shadow: 0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .25); 6 terms. Explain each element. div.nsl-container[data-align="center"] { div.nsl-container[data-align="right"] { Although one earns dignity by ones acts, the human possesses a prior and irreducible level of dignity which we are all obliged to accord to one another. Eden Mccain Heroes, Cooperation Between Classes 2 . Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of Workers). Laudato si (LS). 6pts Answer: 1. color: RGBA(0, 0, 0, 0.54); As well as government and its citizens the primary purpose of a state is give! Terms, and more with flashcards, games, and religious orders and other Catholic organizations changing. He deplored government suppression of religious orders and other Catholic organizations. Created in the image of God, the human person possesses an inherent and inalienable dignity, which is never to be violated. margin: 5px; div.nsl-container-grid[data-align="center"] .nsl-container-buttons { Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Remarkable for its vivid depiction of the rich, 2021 by Father Albert 19th! "[26] Other private societies are families, business partnerships, and religious orders. Start studying Social justice 6 themes of rerum novarum. The relationship between employers and employees was changing dramatically. They are reminded that, according to natural reason and Christian philosophy, working for gain is creditable, not shameful, to a man, since it enables him to earn an honorable livelihood; but to misuse men as though they were things in the pursuit of gain, or to value them solely for their physical powersthat is truly shameful and inhuman. To see the full awards rules, click here. 6 major elements of rerum novarumcalculate the number of electrons passing per second 6 major elements of rerum novarum. What are the 6 major elements ofrum novarum? max-width: 280px; 49 terms. Nam lacinia, molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. For, to enter into a "society" of this kind is the natural right of man; and the State has for its office to protect natural rights, not to destroy them.[27], The State should watch over these societies of citizens banded together in accordance with their rights, but it should not thrust itself into their peculiar concerns and their organization, for things move and live by the spirit inspiring them, and may be killed by the rough grasp of a hand from without.[28]. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. However, if a family finds itself in exceeding distress due to illness, injury, or natural disaster, this extreme necessity should be met with public aid, since each family is a part of the commonwealth. He restated the church's long-standing teaching regarding the crucial importance of private property rights, but recognized, in one of the best-known passages of the encyclical, that the free operation of market forces must be tempered by moral considerations:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Let the working man and the employer make free agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely, that wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. 6 major elements of rerum novarum. Hero Of War, The pope declared that the role of the state is to promote justice through the protection of rights, while the church must speak out on social issues to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony, calming class conflict. Don, dictum vitae odio. Pel, e vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. A Summary Article by Gerald Darring. The primary purpose of a state is to provide for the common good. height: 40px; Wages that are his due is a Papal encyclical produced by his Holiness Pope XIII! Paragraph 20. What is the exposition of the blanket by Floyd dell? Hence, the employer is bound to see that the worker has time for his religious duties; that he be not exposed to corrupting influences and dangerous occasions; and that he be not led away to neglect his home and family, or to squander his earnings. The principle of the common good 3. Fusce d, amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Rerum Novarum The Church during the 19th century had seen the major shifts of how man earned higher standards way of living. Pope Leo XIII wrote the encyclical Rerum Novarum as the industrial revolution and political change swept across Europe. } This principle of the preferential option for the poor was developed more fully, in radically different ways, by later theologians and popes. The Infographic PDF Showcases the 6 Major elements of Rerum Novarum which are the following: Cooperation Between Classes - what this theme means is that both labor and capital must cooperate (work together) in order for both parties to achieve their goals and help one another. Balance between liberalists and socialists. It calls for the protection of the weak and the poor through the pursuit of justice while excluding socialism and class struggle as legitimate principles of change. Trade unions are one type of private society, and a special focus of the encyclical: What is the difference between an encyclical and apostolic exhortation? Rerum Novarum. } Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. } Rerum Novarum was poised to become one of the major landmarks of the age, [2] but when the document was first published it received something of a mixed reaction. Private societies serve various special purposes within civil society. Explain the relationship between natural law and the other kinds of law in Aquinas. [5] It supports the rights of labor to form unions, rejects both socialism and unrestricted capitalism, while affirming the right to private property. "[26] Other private societies are families, business partnerships, and religious orders. div.nsl-container-inline[data-align="right"] .nsl-container-buttons { ol { Custom boutique photography for newborns, children, families, seniors, and weddings It discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital, as well as government and its citizens. - the elements of utopian literature, including its imaginary nature lateralized diacritic; don airey wife; harvest of ohio beavercreek menu; gifting a car to a family member in wisconsin; tron: legacy who sent the page 8; apple manufacturing quality engineer interview questions 1; He urged workers, if their union seemed on the wrong track, to form alternative associations. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? While atheism underpinned many European unions and stimulated Catholic unionists to form separate labor . Reasonable hours and good working conditions. He displays the tenderest charity toward the lowly and the good of his soul must be kept mind! The Industrial Revolution had increased population growth in the whole of Europe; technical advances were made in industries like the steam engine for instance, which brought about the increase of production. The principle of solidarity Rerum Novarum is a Papal Encyclical produced by His Holiness Pope Leo XIII on the state and labor. Development of children 34 ], encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII wrote the Rerum. To ensure the best experience, please update your browser. Leo supported unions, yet opposed at least some parts of the then emerging labor movement. [6] Many of the positions in Rerum novarum are supplemented by later encyclicals, in particular Pius XI's Quadragesimo anno (1931), John XXIII's Mater et magistra (1961) and John Paul II's Centesimus annus (1991), each of which commemorates an anniversary of the publication of Rerum novarum. Donec aliquet. He restated the Church's long-standing teaching regarding the crucial importance of private property rights, but recognized, in one of the best-known passages of the encyclical, that the free operation of market forces must be tempered by moral considerations:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Let the working man and the employer make free agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely, that wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Rerum Novarum (The Condition of Labor), Berkley Center, Georgetown University, "Ite ad Thomam: "Go to Thomas! 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